This study was conducted in Alzzazah area which lies approximately 25 km East of El-Dmazein city, the capital of the BLUE NILE STATE, Sudan. This study was carried out at the end of the autumn 2015. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impacts of continuous grazing on the rangeland of the study area. To determine this effect, two range sites were selected to represent the rangeland in the study area; a grazed one and a protected one by enclosure. At each site, eight line transects were systematicly distributed.Parker loop method was used to determine botanical composition and ground cover.Quadrate method was applied to determine plant density, frequency, biomass production and carrying capacity. The obtained data were organized and analyzed using standard range management equations and SAS statistical package. The result showed that the continuous grazing increased the bare soil percentage and decreased the vegetation cover.Also, it had negative impacts on botanical composition, biomass productivity and range carrying capacity. It was concluded that continuous grazing has a negative impact; it led to change the botanical composition of range plants of undesirable species with low nutritive value. So it can be considered as one of the main factors responsible of rangeland degradation in the study area.

Fodder trees and shrubs are crucial sources of animal feed in Sudan, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. This is because they can fill up the feed gaps in the summer period when grassland growth is limited due to unfavorable weather conditions.The study was conducted in Elnour forest-southeastern Sudan in 2015, which is dominated byAcacia seyal. The objectives of this study were to estimate the browse productivity, and to establish relationships with the crown area forAcacia seyal. The twig-count method described in this study converts a count of twigs to weight of browse by use of an average weight per twig for individual trees. Regression analysis was used to establish relationships between browse biomass and crown area. The average available browse (8.1 kg/ha) and tree density (162 tree/ha) forAcacia seyal was low in the study area that makes the density as the main factor that determine the amount of available browse/ha. Strong positive correlations were found between browse biomass productivity (available and total browse) and crown area with average values of 0.86 and 0.90, respectively. The study concluded that crown area as the main parameters used for predicting the browse biomass productivity. It is recommended that more effort be made to expand the use of more species to investigate the relationships between browse biomass productivity and growth parameters.

An electrochemical sensor was developed for the electroanalysis of catechol (CC) and hydroquinone (HQ) using poly-NILE BLUE (NB) modified glassy carbon electrode (MGCE) i. e., poly-NB/MGCE. The fabricated electrode showed an excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the electrooxidation of CC and HQ in 0. 2 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of pH 7. 4 by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. The effect of scan rate suggests the adsorption and diffusion controlled electrode process for CC and HQ respectively. The limit of detection of CC and HQ was found to be 53. 2 nM and 31. 5 nM by CV techniques. Overall, the sensitivity, selectivity, stability, linearity and reproducibility were obtained at the poly-NB/MGCE.

Mark-Release-Recapture methods are used for delineating foraging territories of termite colonies and estimating their foraging populations. In this research, marking of termites was evaluated by the use of two ingested dyes: NILE BLUE (NB) and Neutral Red (NR). In this experiment, filter paper circles were wetted with 1 ml of each dye at concentrations of 0.1%, 0.25% and 0.5% (treatments) and placed into Petri dishes(9.0 cm in diameter), each containing 50 workers (the final stage). In the control treatment, filter papers were moistened with 1 ml of distilled water. Each treatment had four replicates for each dye marker and was kept in a dark incubator (90±5% RH, 28±2oC) for one week. The changes in the weight of workers before and after marking were also compared and analyzed using SAS software and means were compared using LSD test. The mean comparison of NB treatments and NR treatments with control through survival, the percentage of stained workers (after Arcsin  transformation) and the change in the weight of workers showed that concentrations of 0.1% and 0.25% NB and concentrations 0.25% and 0.5% NR did not show significant differences with control. In order to determine the best concentration for fast marking, in the second experiment, marking was studied after 8h thirsty condition. The termites were stained in one day at concentrations of 0.1% NB and 0.5% NR. Therefore, it is recommended to use concentrations of 0.1% NB and 0.5% NR plus 8h thirsty condition for fast marking. Laboratory experiments and preliminary field studies indicated that dye markers can be used for investigation of M. diversus foraging behavior, determining number of colony, distinguishing nestmates in aggressive behavior experiments and examining the transfer of toxicants between test termites.

Background: Synthetic dyes are serious pollutants and wide ranges of methods have been employed for their removal from aquatic systems. We studied the adsorption of "NILE BLUE A" (NBA), an anionic dye, from aqueous solution by oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs).Methods: Scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize function groups produced at MWCNTs surface. Kinetics and adsorption isotherms of NBA, the effect of temperature, pH, contact time and initial dosage of nanotubes on the adsorption capacity were also assessed. The experimental data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich models.Results: Most of the dye was removed in the first 5 min and best adsorption percentage was at pH 7.0. The equilibrium reached at 45 min. The experimental data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich models and the results fitted well with the Freundlich model. The adsorption kinetic data were analyzed using first-order and the pseudo-second order model and the adsorption kinetic data of NBA dye onto MWCNTs fitted the pseudo-second order model. The maximum adsorption capacity was obtained as 169.49 mg g-1.Conclusion: Freundlich model suggested that the adsorption process followed heterogeneous distribution onto MWCNTs and pseudo-second model of adsorption implied that chemical processes controlled the rate-controlling step. Oxidized MWCNTs could be used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of "NILE BLUE A" dye. Oxidization of MWCNTs by nitric acid, improves the efficiency of NBA removal due to increases in functional groups and total number of adsorption sites.